Tag Archives: screw screw

China Best precise ball screw set,linear guide rail 3000mm and block,gear rack for linear motion machine diy linear rail

Xihu (West Lake) Dis. Width or Diameter: fifteen/twenty/25/thirty/35/45mm
Xihu (West Lake) Dis. Length: 100mm-4000mm, 100mm-4000mm
Design Number: HGH15 HGH20 HGH25 HGH35 HGH45
brand: first HIWIN
Organization sample: Company/OEM
Duration: personalized length
Materials: Bearing Metal
Software: CNC Device
Kind: Linear Motion Rail
Performance: High Precision
load variety: -60KGS
Function: Smooth Motion

HangZhou Mimisi Exact Instrument Co..,Ltd have twenty many years functioning knowledge in Transmission tools components location. The major products contain all sorts of Gears, gear rack,ball/direct screw,linear rail,Sproket.Bushing And also we are agency of large well-known manufacturer this sort of as NSK,HIWIN,THK,PMI and so on.from now on we have strong style staff and manufacturing capacity.we have sophisticated management method as ISO9001-2008,KunShan Mimisi Exact Instrument Co.,Ltd handles an location of 10000 square meters, development spot of 5000 sq. meters, owns 20 sets CNC machine, twelve sets lathe device ,15sets grinding device, High-top quality agricultural 16L manual sprayer electrical power device 10 engraving device,8 sets hobbing device. 5 sets injection molding device. forty Complex staff , 200 personnel.We are really hope have the cooperation likelihood with your organization in the potential,,we can source the best high quality and provider for youSkype:mimisisales
Mobile telephone:Join particular person:Sky

Product Identify	Ideal precise ball screw set,linear information rail 3000mm and block,equipment rack for linear movement device
Content	stainless steel chrome steel, chrome metal GCr15 or other folks
Width	15/20/25/30/forty five
Block variety	flange and square
Good quality Diploma	C3 C5 C7
Preload	ZO
Backlash	No backlash
Manufacturer	Authentic HIWIN

Merchandise Demonstrate Specification1,In inventory
two,Performance: antifriction, interchangeable
3,Substance: bearing steel GCr15
4,Rigidity:fifty eight-62 5,Application: CNC or automatic equipment 6,Length: can be minimize to your need 7, Match: could match with ball screw in 1 machinery8, Bearing longboard 626 zz c3 bearing 626 z Substantial rigidity and large load 9,Smooth working, minimal sounds and non-pollution,large velocity 10,High accurancy and simple location up eleven,Trial get is accpetable
Our Organization Doing work ShopCNC Dept
Generate Dept
Stock Dept
Packing & Delivery10-15 days soon after acquiring despoit as for every the negotiation along purchaser and sellercomprehensive type of transportation saving your price.
FeaturesOEM or ODM welcome
specialize in regular and nonstandard chain and sprocket ,so we can produce all kinds of chain and sprockets according to customer’s drawing and requirements and sample.
Our Servicespecialize in regular and nonstandard chain and sprocket ,so we can create all types of chain and sprockets according to customer’s drawing and specifications and sample.
FAQQ: Are you buying and selling organization or manufacturer ?A: We are manufacturing unit.
Q: How prolonged is your shipping time?A: Normally it is 5-ten times if the items are in stock. or it is fifteen-20 times if the items are not in stock, it is in accordance to quantity.
Q: Do you give samples ? is it cost-free or added ?A: Of course, we could offer the sample for free of charge charge but do not shell out the expense of freight.
Q: What is your conditions of payment ?A: Payment=1000USD, 30% T/T in progress ,harmony before shippment.If you have one more concern, Essential swap Energy Lock Reset change lock PS1950-S PS1950-A pls feel free of charge to contact us as underneath:

Choosing the Right Type of Linear Rail for Your 3D Printer

Using a linear rail in your 3D printer is a common way to provide support for the bed, but there are some drawbacks to using this type of rail. Learn about the different types of rail and how to select the best one for your project.

Square rail

Choosing the right linear rail can bring significant advantages in cost, durability and performance. Choosing the right rail type is a key step before deciding on the overall design. Choosing the correct type will depend on your application’s requirements. The selection process involves learning from past mistakes and defining the system’s objectives. Choosing the right rail isn’t unlike choosing other components for a machine.
Unlike round rail, square rails require a flat mounting surface. Moreover, square rails can’t span gaps. The rails must be aligned perfectly to achieve the desired parallelism. Square rails also need to be lubricated properly.
Square rails are used for applications that require high load capacity. Square rails are typically used for machine tool applications. They have a greater load capacity than round rails. They can handle heavy loads and moment loads. They provide high precision and accuracy. They also have more surface contact than round rails.
Generally, square rails are more expensive than round rails. Square rails are also more prone to debris. They also need tighter parallelism than round rails. Square rails also need a straight continuous support.
Square rails have higher load capacity and precision. However, they have higher maintenance costs. Square rails also need to be installed carefully. They can be prone to misapplication. Misapplication can happen due to miscalculation or personal bias. Choosing the right rail type isn’t always the right solution for your application. It’s always best to start with preliminary calculations before deciding.
Round rails are generally faster to install. They also allow for greater ranges in rail height. They can also handle imperfect parallelism. However, they also have lower load capacity. They require more parts than square rails.
They can be installed vertically or horizontally. They are also available in different sizes. CZPT provides bearing blocks in different seals. Their bearing blocks can be purchased in long, normal or short block versions. CZPT’s long block versions have a self-lubricating option.
Round rails are more forgiving than square rails. They have less tendency to pull up. They are also less prone to deflection.
linear rail

CZPT(r) T

Whether you are working in the manufacturing, automotive, pharmaceutical, or food industry, CZPT (r) T linear rail assemblies can be configured for your application. These rail assemblies are manufactured from lightweight aluminum and can be customized to your specifications. They are designed to replace recirculating ball bearings, eliminating messy oil, grease, and downtime. You can download CZPT (r) T linear rail assemblies as CAD files to facilitate customization.
There are two main types of CZPT (r) T linear rails. The T-shaped design is manufactured from hard-anodized aluminum. These linear guides are designed to be lightweight, easy to install, and durable. They are perfect for applications where speed is critical.
For more than 50 years, Sealstrip has been manufacturing packaging solutions with its patented package reclosure device. In its heyday, metal bearings were the standard for package reclosure, but they proved to be expensive and often required frequent maintenance. Fortunately, CZPT (r) T linear guide systems are a better option. They are oil free, corrosion resistant, and come with a number of functional and design features that rival metal bearings.
CZPT (r) T linear rails are easy to install and maintain, so you can focus on the task at hand. Their design is efficient, allowing for the smoothest, most precise motion. CZPT (r) T rail assemblies are also available in stainless steel, making them ideal for applications in harsh environments. These bearings have a unique split adapter that makes installation easy. They are compatible with standard ball bearings. They can carry heavy loads up to 800 pounds.
In addition to CZPT (r) T linear rails, CZPT (r) family of products includes CZPT (r) R linear plain bearings, CZPT (r) S anodized aluminum shafting, and CZPT (r) slide tables. All CZPT (r) products are designed to meet your motion control component needs. They are available from 28,000 stock items. You can also order energy chain systems and chainflex continuous flex cables. These linear guides are designed to help you get the most from your manufacturing equipment. They are the ideal way to replace recirculating ball bearings.
linear rail

liding contact guides

Generally, linear guides are composed of guide rails, slide bodies and bearing inserts. These systems are widely used in different applications. They are designed to reduce friction, increase power efficiency and increase overall efficiency of units. The guide can be made of steel or aluminum. The slide can be plain surface bearing or a rolling-element bearing. These types of slides have a low frictional resistance, and can be used in high speed applications.
Sliding contact guides on linear rails have sliding contact along the entire length of the rail. The sliding contact is made by a rolling-element bearing, such as a ball, roller or cam roller. Linear bearing slides can be lubricated with grease, oil or vacuum lubricant. The use of linear bearing slides helps to minimize operating temperatures and improves overall efficiency of units.
These guides are used in applications with high precision. They are a good option in applications with limited space requirements. They also provide increased load capacity while reducing the size of the unit.
The present invention provides an alternative to the prior art linear guides. It consists of a linear guide with a replaceable bearing element. This element is removable from the slider without replacing the slide body. It also eliminates the need to replace roller elements in the bearing mechanism.
The sliding contact guides on linear rails are ideal for applications with high accuracy. They are especially useful in high speed applications. They can help grippers pick up objects more accurately. They can also be used for industrial sliding doors. They are also used in a variety of robotics applications.
The sliding contact guides on linear rails can be used in a wide range of applications, from precision machinery to computer numerical control machines. They are available in different sizes and configurations, including the MINISCALE PLUS series. They can be used in vacuum conditions of up to 10-7 mbar. They are ideal for applications requiring high accuracy and reduced power consumption.
They are available in a wide range of sizes, including 7 mm to 15 mm wide. They also have travel distances of up to 42 mm. The dynamic load capacity ranges from 207 to 1109 N. They also offer accelerations of up to 50 m/s.
linear rail

Drawbacks of “traditional” linear rail in a 3D printer build

Using linear rails in a 3D printer build can increase print quality, but there are also drawbacks. There are some advantages to using linear rails, but you’ll also need to consider the cost and complexity of using them.
A traditional linear rail is a rectangular piece of steel with two dovetails along each side. It’s used to mount the carriage to the printer, and it is designed to provide smoother motion than a linear rod. Despite this, a rail can also be curved, which can create problems when printing.
Another disadvantage is that a single linear rail is more expensive than two linear rods, and it requires a physical frame for mounting. However, it can save you the cost of buying two rods and can also create a unique aesthetic for your 3D printer. Another advantage is that you can anchor the rail for greater rigidity and load-bearing capacity. You’ll also need to make sure that your rails are properly lubricated for a long life. If they aren’t, you’ll likely experience problems with print quality.
The drawbacks of using a linear rail in a 3D printer build aren’t that serious, but they’re still something to consider. If you have the budget, you may want to invest in a more capable printer, rather than in a linear rail. Also, remember that the stiffer your rails are, the less backlash you’ll experience. You’ll also avoid ringing artifacts, which will make your prints look less smooth. Regardless of the type of rail you use, it’s important to make sure that you mount it correctly.
China Best precise ball screw set,linear guide rail 3000mm and block,gear rack for linear motion machine diy linear rail
editor by czh 2023-03-18

China Ball screw stainless steel CNC rotating nut 20mm ball screw cnc linear guide Ground ball screw SFU16051610 aluminum linear rail

Problem: New
Guarantee: 3 months
Applicable Industries: Equipment Fix Stores, Printing Shops, Marketing Organization
Bodyweight (KG): 1
Showroom Location: Egypt
Video outgoing-inspection: Not Offered
Machinery Test Report: Presented
Advertising Variety: New Solution 2571
Guarantee of main parts: Much more than 5 years
Main Components: Bearing
Manufacturing Procedure: Rolled Thread
Content: GCr15, Stainless Metal
Size: a hundred-6000mm(Custmized ), 15-6000MM
Solution title: ball screws
Keyword: 8mm lead screw for 3d printer
Software: Cnc Machining Elements
Services: OEM Providers
Approach type: CNC Device Ball Direct Screw
Item: guide screw
excess weight: 1
Packaging Information: plastic bag / Tiny box 2rs zz vises, presses, and jacks.[3] Leadscrews are a widespread part in electrical linear actuators.
Organization Data

FAQ
Q1: Why pick Chuanghe?To give our buyers with first-course services in the source of good quality ball guide screw minimizing charges.

Q2: How is high quality ensured?All our procedures strictly adhere to ISO9001:2008 processes. We have rigid good quality handle from making to shipping. Our business had robust engineering help, eighty% of our colleagues are master or bachelor’s degree. We have cultivated a group of administrators who are common with solution quality , good at modern day concept of management.

Q3: Can You Strictly Comply with The Tolerance on The Drawing And Meet up with The Higher Precision?Indeed, we can, we can give large precision components and make the elements as your drawing.

This autumn: How should I purchase and make payment?By T/T, for samples 100% with the get for manufacturing, 30% paid for deposit by T/T ahead of manufacturing arrangement, the stability to be paid prior to shipment. negotiation recognized.
.
Q5: What is your Delivery Time? Standard elements: 7-20days Non-regular parts: fifteen-25days We will make the shipping and delivery as shortly as feasible with the ensure quality

Q6:How to Customized-manufactured (OEM/ODM)? If you have a new item drawing or a sample, you should deliver to us, and we can personalized-manufactured the as your needed. We will also provide our expert advices of the goods to make the design to be far more understood & maximize the functionality.
Q7:Which manner of transportation would be much better? In standard, the product are weighty, we tips to make delivery by sea, Inch Collection Bearing ER212 39 Insert Ball Bearing ER212-39 with snap locking rings Also we regard your views of other transportation as nicely.
ball screw/hiwin ball screw/ball screw 3000mm/aball screw bearing/cnc ball screw/ball screw linear information/ball head screw/ball screw linear actuator/ball screw nut

Choosing a Linear Rail

Whether you are using a linear rail for your business or home, you will find that there are some key considerations that you must keep in mind. These include the stability and accuracy of the system, as well as the cost of the rail.

Cost of linear rails

Choosing the right rail can be crucial to the performance and cost of a machine. There are many different types, with different levels of accuracy, load bearing capacity and rigidity. Some of the more common choices are drilled, profiled and undrilled.
The cost of linear rails can vary drastically depending on the type. Some are made from hardened steel, while others are fabricated from aluminum extrusions. Both types offer different advantages and disadvantages.
Rails that have been manufactured with aluminum extrusions will offer better rigidity. These rails also provide a larger range of motion.
Linear rails are generally used in mechanical systems that need high precision. These components must be fully supported and protected while being assembled. The assembly process is complex and time consuming.
These components are used in a wide variety of industrial applications. They can be used for transporting loads between two points or for guiding a moving part in linear motion.
Linear rails are usually manufactured from hardened steel, which is corrosion-resistant. Stainless steel is also commonly used. High-strength steel is also used. It is also known as cold drawn steel.
Rails have a high load bearing capacity and can handle loads from a few grams to a few tons. They offer smooth motion and can also be used to support overhung loads. Linear rails are generally used in automation machinery. They are also used in laser welding machines and bending machines.

Stiffness

Using a linear rail is a common solution for many industrial applications. These linear guides are known for their rigidity and load-bearing capabilities. They are designed to accommodate a wide variety of uses, including precision motion, high load capacities, and high speed operation.
These linear guides are available in various sizes and shapes, including cylindrical rollers, spherical balls, and race profiles. Each type offers different load capacities, speeds, and accuracy levels. They are typically used in applications that require precision, such as machine tools.
They are typically fixed at the ends. They are designed to transfer weights along a predetermined vertical or horizontal course. Linear rails are usually made of toughened steel. They require hex slot screws along the length of the rail. They are also used to guide actuators driven by screws or belts.
These linear guides are designed to offer high travel accuracy, which is important for many machine tools. They also offer high rigidity, which is needed to support heavy loads.
The stiffness of a linear rail is generally higher than that of a round rail. They can handle travel speeds up to 5 meters per second. They can support thousands of kilograms. They are also less likely to bend under heavy load, which can prevent misalignment problems.
Linear guides are often used in pneumatic-driven systems. They also have a rolling-friction operation mode. This reduces friction, which helps the machine tool to run smoothly.
linear rail

Accuracy

Choosing the best linear rail depends on the application and the level of accuracy required. Some applications require high accuracy, while others are less demanding. A guide rail that has the right amount of preloading can minimize the effect of misalignment and sinking.
Rails are designed to withstand a variety of loads from a few grams to several tons. They can also handle moment and lift-off loads. Linear rails are made from high-strength steel that is galvanized.
A variety of processing methods are used to manufacture rails. Rails are available in square and round shapes. They can also be shaped to fit into smaller spaces.
The most accurate linear rail is the one that meets all of the above requirements. It can be difficult to know which rail is best for your application. It is important to consider the application and the total load conditions during the lifetime of the system.
It is also important to choose the most appropriate accuracy class for your application. Choosing the accuracy class of a rail is partially dependent on the positioning of the load and the mounting arrangement of the bearings.
For instance, the best accuracy class for a rail would be one that has a high preloading rate. This will increase the rigidity and minimize the effect of sinking. It will also increase the life of the component.
A linear rail that has a high preloading rate also has a higher accuracy class. This is because it will compensate for a lack of accuracy in the mounting surface.

Stability

Whether you’re moving items through a production process or handling heavy loads, you’ll appreciate the reliability and precision of a linear rail. It’s also important to consider the stability of your linear rail.
It’s important to design your linear rail with a complete support structure to prevent deflection. This may include mounting it on an I-beam support. This supports heavy loads and eliminates deflection concerns.
Linear rails also offer a wide range of motion, including the ability to support overhung loads. They are also suitable for guiding weights, providing a smooth motion in a single axis.
A single linear rail can also be used to guide actuators driven by screws or belts. These are commonly used in industrial applications. However, they may not be ideal for consumer applications.
For a more robust solution, you may consider using a dual rail. Dual linear rails maximize bearing life, and minimize deflection. These can also be anchored to aluminum extrusion profiles to improve stiffness.
Various types of materials can have a dramatic impact on the cost and performance of a project. These include stainless steel, which is corrosion-resistant and cold drawn. Other options include aluminum extrusion profiles and cylinders, which can reduce mechanical stresses.
In addition, the level of stiffness of your rail may be critical to its operation. In some applications, a rail may have to flex slightly in one plane. Using a cylinder instead of a sphere can also reduce play.

Sliding carriage and rail

Known for their rigidity and load-bearing capabilities, linear slides are ideal for applications that require repeatable motion. However, these units have a variety of components that can complicate their integration into your machine. Fortunately, there are a variety of products available that can help you find the right slide.
The main components of a linear slide include the carriage, bearings, guide rails, and control systems. The bearing system determines the accuracy of the slide.
Bearings can be a variety of shapes, including cylindrical and ball. They can be plain or filled with PTFE, ceramic, or metal. A ball screw drive with a motor may be necessary for stiff, reproducible slides. In less expensive applications, a round shaft system may be the best option.
Typically, the carriage is attached to the rail. The rail supports the carriage while it moves, and it can be a round rail, profiled rail, or linear stage. The carriage can be made of stainless steel, aluminum, granite, or other materials. Its threaded holes can be used for mounting tooling.
Carriage designs can be based on plain bearings, ball bearings, or cross rollers. Aside from simple surface bearings, these designs require lubrication. In less expensive applications, plain bearings may be sufficient.
Roller bearings are cylindrical roller load-bearing elements. They are used in track rollers and cam rollers. The rollers are inside the carriage and rotate with the carriage.
linear rail

Applications

Whether you’re building an industrial automation system or simply need to move a load, the right linear guide can be a valuable tool. The benefits include high load capacity, reduced friction, high rigidity and increased accuracy.
The applications of linear rails can range from simple machine-tool applications to advanced medical applications. The most common applications include transportation and industrial machinery. However, the applications can also be found in the consumer space. Consumer health monitoring devices are a great example of applications that take advantage of linear motion.
Linear rails are a linear assembly consisting of load-supporting balls on each side and a pair of parallel tracks. Depending on the size and type of application, the load capacity can range from a few grams to several tons.
Linear rails are typically made from high-strength steel, which is profiled or galvanised. The rail is then cut to a specified length. Depending on the size, the cost of a linear guide rail will vary.
The linear rail’s name is a mouthful, but there are several models to choose from. Profiled rail guides are most suitable for high load applications.
The CZPT is a great choice for heavy-duty applications. It’s easily weldable, and can be ground smooth for easy transitions. The rail can be extended to long travel lengths.
The linear rail’s most notable attribute is its ability to withstand overhung loads. The rail can also handle moment and horizontal loads.
China Ball screw stainless steel CNC rotating nut 20mm ball screw cnc linear guide Ground ball screw SFU16051610 aluminum linear rail
editor by czh 2023-03-18

China auto feeding camera computerized embroidery textile leather wool felt cotton home fabric laser cutting machine price linear rail ball screw kit

Application: LASER Slicing
Relevant Substance: Acrylic, Glass, Leather-based, MDF, Paper, Plastic, Plexiglax, Plywood, Rubber, Stone, Wooden
Situation: New
Laser Type: CO2
Slicing Location: 1600*1000mm
Slicing Speed: -40000mm/min
Graphic Structure Supported: AI, BMP, DXF, PLT, JPG,PNG
Slicing Thickness: -30mm
CNC or Not: Yes
Cooling Method: Drinking water COOLING
Control Application: Rdworks
Laser Resource Brand name: RECI
Servo Motor Brand: leadshine
Xihu (West Lake) Dis.rail Model: PMI
Management System Brand: RuiDa
Excess weight (KG): 500 KG
Key Selling Factors: High-accuracy
Optical Lens Brand: II-VI
Warranty: 2 several years
Applicable Industries: Garment Shops, Printing Outlets, Marketing Organization
Equipment Examination Report: Supplied
Movie outgoing-inspection: Supplied
Guarantee of core factors: 2 many years
Core Parts: Equipment, Motor, PLC
Method of Procedure: Pulsed
Configuration: 3-axis
Products dealt with: fabric
Characteristic: Automatic Loading
Laser electrical power: 150w
Operate: Slicing cloth, Tyhe 42mm micro gearmotor 6v 12v 24v 36v 50rpm 100rpm 8rpm 40kg cm 40kgcm 3nm torque 1300rpm 15watts dc metallic equipment motor leather-based,pu and so forth
Laser tube: CZPT Model Sealed CO2 Glass Tube
Color: Blue-white
Compatible software: CorelDraw ,AutoCAD
Driving system: Stepper motor ,belt
Controller: DSP(RUIDA 6445G)
Xihu (West Lake) Dis. rail: Interior dual-shaft linear rail
Electricity source: AC 110v/220V ±10%, fifty/60Hz
Certification: ce
Packaging Details: 1.Movie wraped on device. 2.Foam stuffed amongst wooden box 3.Fumigation-cost-free plywood wooden box . 4.Steel belt to restricted wood box.
Port: HangZhou,ZheJiang ,ZheJiang ,HangZhou

CC1610A vehicle-feeding ccd roll cloth laser chopping machineauto feeding ccd digital camera computerized embroidery textile leather-based wool felt cotton property fabric laser cutting equipment priceThis design is CO2 laser chopping equipment with entire body CCD digicam developed for efficient processing of printed cloth, leather, textiles and a lot of a lot more,to reduce T-Shirt,Brand,shoe upper,leather-based wallet,essential wallet,and several far more. Offered in distinct workstations sizes with numerous electricity choices, these laser slicing methods give higher-high quality results at maximum velocity.

Parameter
Title	CO2 laser slicing equipment
Design	CC1610A
Operating location	16001000mm(18001300mm,1600*3000mm optional)
Cooling methods	H2o cooling
Engraving velocity	-40000mm/min
Chopping velocity	-40000mm/min
Laser electricity	150w
Laser variety	CO2 laser,RECI brand name,provider existence > Friction torque limiter FFV1-FFV2 Sequence, PTO push shaft for agricultural equipment, China maker OEM ODM 10000hrs
Laser output management	-a hundred% controlled by application
Min engraving dimension	English letters,1*1mm
ScHangZhou resolution	4000DPI
Finding accuracy	≤0.01mm
Controlling software	DSP managing system,RDWORKS V8
Structure supported	DST,PLT,DXF,AI,LAS,BMP,JPG,PNG,and many others
Software program environment	Home windows xp/7/8/ten
Appropriate application	Coreldraw,Autocad
Colour separation output	Of course
Slope engraving	Indeed
Driving technique	Leadshine Stepper motors
Auxiliary components	Exhaust supporter,water chiller,air pump
Operating table	Stainless steel web +Automobile-feeding doing work desk
Relevant resources	Cloth,leather,wood,MDF,glass,stone, Medium Velocity Clothes T Shirt Piping Above Lock Stitching Equipment Industrial For Garment plastic,rubber , and so forth
Working setting Temperature	-45℃,Humidity5-ninety five%(no condensate water.)
Power supply	110v/220v,50hz/60hz
Bodyweight	500kg
Dimension	220021002400mm

Our Providers
Packaging & Delivery
Certifications
Inquire now
Make contact with us
Automobile Feeding Fabric Laser Chopping machine1. Professional design and style for cutting Non Woven cloth, cloth, leather, textile, cloth, jens, as well as wooden, acrylic and so on.2. DSP controlling method, wealthy capabilities, can impact engraving on aircraft, gradient engraving by 360 degree, cutting and drilling holes and many others.
three. Owns capabilities of restoring from electrical power off, continuation on break level.4. Transmit documents right in Coreldraw, AutoCAD,and many others.5. Adopt international linear rail, Extensively Utilised Resilient 6 Spline 1 38 PTO Generate Shaft Yoke a lot more precision.

Sliding Contact Guide on Linear Rail

Whether it is a dovetail, sliding contact guide, sleeve-bearing slide, or box way rails, we’re going to look at some of the options available to you. You’ll learn about what they do, how they can help you, and how they can improve your work.
linear rail

Dovetail rails

Several varieties of dovetail rails are available in the market. Among them are the standard boxway rails and a more specialized variant. These rails are known for their sleek and sturdy appearance and can handle even heavier loads than their counterparts.
The DS Series Compact Dovetail Linear Stages are the smallest of the lot, yet feature the same mechanism as the MT series dovetail stages. They slide along precision preloaded dovetail slides, making them a good choice for applications that require high performance, but limited space. These stages are also less prone to shock than their conventional counterparts.
The DS series dovetail stages are available in a variety of XYZ configurations, making them ideal for applications requiring the smoothest of motions and the least amount of vibration. These stages are also easy to integrate into your system thanks to their modular design. This is especially true in the case of the DS25 series, which has a lower footprint than the MT series.
The DS Series Compact Dovetail Stages are a step up from the MT series dovetail stages. This is thanks to their high-speed, precision preloaded dovetail slides. These are not only lightweight, but also silent, which is particularly useful in medical applications. These stages feature the aforementioned low-profile design, as well as thicker and more robust saddles. They are also available in two different travel ranges.
While dovetail rails on linear rails may be a good choice for your next project, you should consider some of the factors that can shorten its life. Some of the most common failures are abrasions, corrosion, and dust. You may also want to consider a platform to attach to your system’s moving component. This can allow you to increase the size of the transport area, while still keeping your load close at hand.
The DS Series Compact Dovetail line of dovetail stages are a good choice for applications that require the smoothest of motions and the least number of components. This is especially true in the case of DS series dovetail stages, which do not use typical roller bearings.

Sleeve-bearing slides

Depending on the application, there are different types of linear rail slides. The most common is the ball bearing slide, which uses two linear rows of ball bearings to move a carriage. The design offers smooth motion in a single direction.
Another type of slide is the dovetail slide. It involves a slot on the base of the slide and a protruding V-shaped tongue on the saddle. This design is more durable than other slides, and can be used for heavy load applications. However, it can’t handle as large a load as boxway slides, which involve a mating base and saddle.
A third type of slide is the cylindrical column slide. It is functionally similar to the square gib slide, but lacks the strength and stiffness of the latter. It’s usually more expensive and harder to assemble, although it offers a more accurate form of mechanical linear motion.
The inner surface of a linear sleeve bearing is usually made up of a journal slide. It’s a common way to reduce friction through surface coating. Some of these slides are made from CZPT, a material that’s inert to acids and solvents. It’s also designed to work in varying environments.
There are several types of bushings, and each can be made from a wide range of alloys. Bronze bushings are designed for a smooth motion, while plastic bushings are suited for low-speed applications.
For applications requiring high-speed operation, linear sleeve bearings can be manufactured in ceramic rolling elements. These offer less noise and better distribution of load.
Another type of linear rail slide is the box-way slide. It includes a mating base and saddle. It’s often used for heavy-duty applications. A third section can be attached to the saddle, extending the length of the slide. These slides offer a T-shaped profile when fitted.
The square gib design is an excellent choice for heavy-duty applications. It offers accurate linear movement and high load capacity. It can be milled, drilled, or tapped. It has low friction, and can withstand force in any direction.
The CZPT design has excellent performance in both smooth and harsh environments. It’s also long, making it ideal for large installations.
linear rail

Sliding contact guides

Choosing a sliding contact guide on linear rail can be tricky. With a variety of options available, it’s important to understand the differences between them and the advantages they provide.
The first of these is the material used. Stainless steel, aluminum, or cast iron are common materials for sliding guides. These materials are durable and will withstand heavy loads. They can also be used in corrosive environments.
The other important factor is the lubrication method. The amount of lubrication required is largely determined by the type of linear slide and the type of bearings it uses. Ball bearing slides typically need less lubrication than linear bearing slides. The lubrication method is also important because it reduces the friction that leads to wear.
The most important thing about the lubrication method is that it should be easy to access and clean. This can ensure that you get the best performance out of your linear guide. You may also choose to upgrade the lubrication to increase the lifetime of your guide.
Another important factor is the size of the application. A larger capacity will allow the guide to carry a heavier load. You can also choose a higher speed guide if the application involves high speeds. The length of the guide should also be considered. The length is usually dictated by the size of the application. You can also customize the length of your guide by contacting your nearest sales office.
The biggest difference between sliding contact guides on linear rail and other linear guides is the amount of friction. The more force you apply, the higher the coefficient of friction will be. Therefore, this type of guide is not suitable for high speed applications.
The first recirculation ball was developed by Thomson Linear. This was the first commercialized rolling element. The ball has a much lower coefficient of friction than a roller. This is why it is often used in motion control applications.
A high speed operation will require more lubrication than a low speed operation. The E-DFO coating of the lubricant reportedly has a longer life than fluororesin coating.
linear rail

Box way rails

Unlike the conventional linear guideways which consist of a thin film of lubricating oil between them, the box way rails run under sliding friction. The box way systems are made of a tough material, such as steel. They are capable of handling heavier loads than the dovetail rails. They are also better at absorbing shock loads. However, their service life is shorter than that of linear rails. The linear guideway VMCs are often two or three times faster than the boxy counterparts.
The most common material used in linear guideways is steel. It is usually manufactured with high precision. It is then graded for a specific application. The bearing plates have smooth transitions and can carry increasing loads as they become convex. This design makes it ideal for machining steel.
While the linear rail has a higher carrying capacity, the box way system is still relatively small. The box ways can handle higher loads than dovetail rails. However, they cannot handle a high running speed. They are also considered to be better at reducing chatter.
The main components of a linear slide are the main carriage and bearings. They incorporate power screws and ball bearings. The main difference between the two is that the ball bearings have rolling elements that can reduce friction. The rolling element bearings also have high sensitivity. The friction between the rolling element and the rail is also low.
Box ways also have a better vibration dampening capability. However, they are not ideal for consumer applications. They are also much more expensive than the linear guideways. The cost is offset by the fact that they require less maintenance. It is therefore recommended that box way systems are used in heavy-duty applications.
Linear rails are a convenient alternative to box-way rails. However, they must be fully supported in assembly. They also require more lubrication. In addition, they can be damaged by water and other solvents. They also need to be protected during shipment.
Box ways are used in some larger machines, while the linear slides are used in smaller machines. These types of rails are generally used by machining centers that make part products. They can also be used in roughing machine tools.
China auto feeding camera computerized embroidery textile leather wool felt cotton home fabric laser cutting machine price linear rail ball screw kit
editor by czh 2023-03-18

China aisilan new modern ceiling black rail lighting system dimmable Linear focus adjustable Fixture cob led spot track light linear rail ball screw kit

Product Type: Observe LIGHTS
Colour Temperature(CCT): 2700K (Gentle Warm White)
Lamp Luminous Performance(lm/w): one hundred ten
Shade Rendering Index(Ra): 97
Light-weight Resource: LED
Assist Dimmer: NO
Lighting solutions support: lights
Application: Property Place of work
Design Design: Contemporary
Lifespan (hours): 50000
Working Time (hrs): 50000
LED Mild Source: cob
Enter Voltage(V): AC eighty five-265V
Lamp Luminous Flux(lm): 770
CRI (Ra>): ninety seven
Working Life time(Hour): 50000
Lamp Physique Substance: Aluminum
Design Variety: GD052
Guarantee(Calendar year): 3-Year
Certification: CB SAA CE ROHS
Packaging Details: Specific deal (1pcs/box) 2pcs/box 4pcs/box 30pcs/Carton 60pcs/Carton Or as for each want

Item sort:	LED Downlights highlight	Material:	Aluminum
Model:	MSD52-GD	Brand:	Aisilan
Lamp Electricity:	7W	Power Issue:	>0.9
size:	Base height:40mm base diameter:90mmHeight of lamp head:80mmTrack adapter measurement:70thirty30mm	Finished:	White/Black
LED Chip Luminous Efficacy:	110lm/W	IP Rating:	IP50
Light supply:	CREE
Life Time:	50,000hours	Warranty:	3 years
Lamp Luminous Flux:	770lm	Frequency:	fifty/60Hz
Lamp Luminous Effectiveness:	90lm/W	Dimming:	NO
Color Rendering Index:	Ra≥93	Energy Performance class:	A+
Color Temperature:	Warm white Organic white	Item weight:	0.75kg
Package:	1pc	Packaging Variety:	Box
Input Voltage:	AC85-260V	Beam angle:	24 degrees(vertical illumination)
certificates:	3c ce rohs	application:	Liwing space,restaurant,cafe,bar,ect

comparable design GD155AGU10 replaceable mild supply GD001ARA 97 CREE led chips MS052Asame sequence surface mounted variation RA 97 CREE led chips Business Profile Aisilan Lights, a successor to the Scandinavian heritage, passing down the essence of the classical flavor although innovatingmodern elementsWe innovate and modernize. We pursue a minimalistic life-style and talk our heartsAisilan signifies romance, family members, friendship and perfectionismThrough a trustworthy expertise of harvesting goodness, we turn into the anti-normal type Recommend Goods LED Surface area mounted Downlight MTD128Triac dimming versionCRI 93Aluminum sandblastingCircle surface layout LED Recessed Downlight spotlight QS018aTrimless anti-glare design Light Angle adjustable 110v / 220v , Strong trailer axle for weighty vehicles Manufacturing unit Straight Supply Axle Well-known American truck trailer axles Triac /-10v dimmable sensible App / remote control IP54 , CRI≥93 LED Floor mounted SpotlightMSD52Second-era Lights Aesthetic Triac dimmable360 Levels Round Curve RotationCRI≥93 LED Recessed DownlightSD11970 ° anti-glare designLight Angle adjustable 110v / 220v , Triac /-10v dimmable intelligent App / remote manage IP54 , CRI≥93 LED Wall Gentle BD22Isolate interference, immerse reading340°rotation headFour stages of dimmingCRI≥93 anti-glare design LED Pendant gentle CD571Modern Basic Type Pendant LightGorgeous and elegantPearl nickel / white colour optional 3 coloration temperature modify Installation Recommendations Packing & Supply Delivery :1. 5-7 days Fast sampels by FedEx/DHL/UPS/TNT, Doorway-to-Doorway JLP Sequence aluminum housing 3-Stage Asynchronous ac electric motor 2. 7-20 times Quickly supply by Air or by Sea for bulk buy, Airport/ Port receiving3. Customers specifying freight forwarders or negotiable delivery strategies! FAQ Can I get a sample for quality examine?A: samples are welcome and we will provide sample to you in 7-10days CZPT your affirmation.Can you supply OEM or ODM provider?A: Our R&D group has a lot more than 10years expertise in lighting business. We can provide OEM &ODM provider for household andcommercial lightings.What is actually your typical creation time?A: We usually need 10-fifteen perform days to end a official get. It requires 3-5work days for complete a sample buy(not includingcustomized edition)What certificates do you have?A:We have CE,ROHS,SAA certificates for our products.What’s your guarantee time period?A: We give 1-3years guarantee for most of our lightings.What is the Payment Terms ?A: Payment: T/T (forty five% deposit, balance agaist the copy of B/L), L/C, Western Union, CZPT Metal Vehicle Car CZPT Shaft Outer Inner C.V. CV Joint for Honda Accord Civic Metropolis Crv Cr-v Fit Jazz Odyssey Vezel HR-V MoneyGram, PayPal.

Using a “Traditional” Linear Rail in a 3D Printer Build

Using a “traditional” linear rail in a 3D printer build is a great way to add a bit of extra strength to your printer’s frame, but it comes with a few drawbacks. The following article will explain some of the reasons you might want to consider a sliding carriage and rail instead.

linear rail

Applications

Basically, a Linear Rail System is a piece of mechanical equipment designed to sustain the motion of equipment. The system uses a combination of linear guides and bearings to maintain a steady motion.
The linear rail system is used in many industries, from manufacturing to transportation. It is important to design the system to suit the intended application. Some of the most common applications include material transfer, medical sample handling and factory automation.
The most common type of linear rail is the recirculating ball guide. Recirculating ball guides offer many advantages, including moment control, high load capacity and precision. However, there are limitations in some applications.
In the food and beverage industry, special linear bearings are necessary to handle harsh conditions and to meet health and safety standards. Some applications include weighing machines, pick and place modules, and packaging systems.
Linear rails also require precision mounting surfaces to ensure accurate motion. They are available in various lengths and are suitable for most applications.
A linear rail system can be used horizontally or vertically. They provide a smooth motion, reducing friction and minimizing wear. Linear Rail Systems can support loads ranging from a few grams to thousands of kilograms. The rail itself is made from high-strength steel and can be galvanised for added durability.
Linear Rail Systems can be used in a wide variety of industries, from pharmaceutical manufacturing to semiconductor manufacturing. The systems are easy to install and have a heavy load bearing capacity. They provide high stiffness and load capacity, and are perfect for moving loads with minimal friction. These systems also have low frictional resistance, which is important in pneumatic-driven systems.
There are several other advantages to using linear rails, including low cost, high load capacity, low friction and low maintenance. The rails are made from stainless steel or carbon steel.

CZPT linear guide rails

CZPT has a full lineup of linear guide rails, slides, and carriages to suit almost any application. Whether you’re assembling a high tech medical instrumentation system or automating your garage, CZPT has the equipment to get the job done. The company offers a wide selection of linear motion equipment ranging from mountable linear bearings to miniature guide rail and carriage assemblies.
The company also offers a full range of linear guide rails and carriages from high strength steel to high tech aluminum. The company’s extensive selection of linear motion products can be accessed through its convenient online ordering system. It also has a number of useful guides to help you choose the best equipment for your needs.
CZPT’s line of linear guide rails and carriages also includes space saving miniature guide rail and carriage assemblies. With a product lineup boasting over 500 linear motion devices, the company has something for just about every budget and need. CZPT’s line of linear guide systems is engineered to ensure maximum efficiency and reliability in an array of applications. CZPT’s linear guide products are the best in the industry. A CZPT linear guide can stand up to tearing loads and torque forces. Its superior performance can be maintained in a clean environment with proper maintenance. A well maintained rail can last for many years.
CZPT has a number of eminently sexy linear guide and carriage solutions to suit any application. You can browse by manufacturer or category to find what you’re looking for. From drilled and undrilled linear rails to carriages to linear guide slides, CZPT can help you make your next project a success. The company offers the best prices in the business and its products are made in the United States and Canada.

Sliding carriage and rail

Whether you’re looking for a new or used linear carriage and rail, there are a few things to keep in mind. For instance, you’ll need to choose a sturdy base material, like granite or steel, that can withstand the weight of the load. In addition, you’ll need to secure the linear components to the base.
Also, you’ll need a control system to regulate the carriage’s motion. These systems can be controlled by operator controls or feedback signals from sensors. If your application calls for a heavy load, you might want to consider a profiled rail.
Another option is a sleeve bearing slide. These slides are designed to be simple to operate, but they are not as durable as other slides.
A sleeve bearing slide is typically used in light-weight applications. It can be made of a variety of materials, including aluminum, steel, or stainless steel. These slides can have a ball screw drive and a linear motor.
These slides can also have rolling element bearings. These balls are used to support the load in the carriage. This decreases friction and provides a smoother motion.
In addition, these slides can be lubricated. You can find these slides in a variety of designs, including recirculating and non-recirculating. In non-recirculating designs, the rolling elements travel at half the speed of the carriage. In recirculating designs, the rolling elements follow the carriage’s looped course.
Some linear guides offer a variety of materials, including stainless steel, aluminum, and granite. These materials can be customized to match your needs. Some may also have custom-engineered features, such as a rail and bearing system, stage, and drive units. If you’re looking for a cost-effective solution, you may want to consider a custom-engineered linear slide.

Robot transport units

Adding linear movement to a Robot system is an effective way to enhance a Robot’s performance. The robot can now move larger and heavier workpieces to and from different machines, and to increase its utility. Adding linear movement also increases the number of activities that can be performed. This increases the robot’s throughput and helps to maximize the return on investment.
The Robot Transfer Unit (RTU) is an effective solution for adding linear movement to Robot systems. It increases the efficiency of 6-axis robots by allowing them to move workpieces along a moving conveyor line. RTUs are used in material handling applications such as welding, painting, inspection, and palletizing.
Robot Transfer Units can be floor-mounted, or raised above operations or the floor. This increases worker freedom of movement, while allowing for improved access to machinery by maintenance personnel. They also save floor space and can allow materials to be moved closer to the work area.
RTUs are used to carry robots between work stations and in material-handling applications. They are generally floor-mounted or can be elevated to save floor space and provide a view of the operation.
A typical RTU will include two workpiece transport units. Each workpiece transport unit includes a robotic arm, a guide rail, and a slidably mounted arm. Each workpiece transport unit also includes an electromagnet that propels the unit along the guide rail. The arm can rotate or “flip” about a horizontal axis (R) and the end effector can hold wafers (W) or rotate about a vertical axis (Z 2).
Each transport unit has a lateral outside dimension 640. This allows the unit to be slidably mounted on both sides of the guide rail structure.
linear rail

Drawbacks of using “traditional” linear rail in a 3D printer build

Using a traditional linear rail in a 3D printer build isn’t for the faint of heart. If you’re building a printer for your own personal use, it’s likely you’ll have to do a bit of tinkering to get the machine working as it should. Luckily, there are many alternatives to the conventional build process. For example, you can build a machine with an aluminum extrusion instead of using the traditional molten plastic. This allows you to print a wider range of materials and improves the machine’s longevity. Alternatively, you could use an aluminum extrusion with a delrin wheel for improved print quality.
You could also build a 3D printer from scratch with a custom frame made from aluminum. The material is a good choice if you’re looking to print large format items. The material is also lightweight, which translates into improved print quality and a smoother print experience. Using an aluminum extrusion for the frame of a 3D printer could save you some serious cash, if you know what you’re doing.
It’s a good idea to do your homework before making a purchase. The best way to avoid getting ripped off is to find a reputable manufacturer and check the credentials of the company’s products. This is especially true if you’re looking to buy a machine that can be used to build 3D models of your own designs. As with anything, buying the wrong printer for the wrong application can lead to disaster. Thankfully, you can avoid some of the pitfalls with a little research and a few recommendations. If you’re looking to build the machine of your dreams, take the time to learn what you’re doing first.
China aisilan new modern ceiling black rail lighting system dimmable Linear focus adjustable Fixture cob led spot track light linear rail ball screw kit
editor by czh 2023-03-18

China 9mm Linear Guide Rail And Ball Screw For CNC Machine ST9C ST9L MGN9C MGN9H linear rail accuracy class

Error:获取返回内容失败，
Your session has expired. Please reauthenticate.

How to Choose the Right Linear Rail for Your Fishing Rod

Compared to rods, linear rail is cheaper and offers a wide variety of applications. It is also corrosion resistant and has the ability to handle both tearing loads and torque forces.

A wide range of applications

Using a linear rail system is a good way to safely move things through a manufacturing process. They are used in a wide range of industries, and are especially helpful in moving items through packaging and production.
They are typically made from hardened materials such as steel, and have load-supporting balls on both sides. This helps them to handle loads from a few grams to thousands of kilograms, and can withstand overhung loads when paired with another rail.
Linear rails are also used in a variety of applications, including food and beverage production. In this industry, they are required to withstand harsh conditions and must adhere to local health and safety standards.
They are commonly used in weighing machines. They also find applications in CNC machines and moving robot arms in factory lines. The high level of rigidity and load capacity make them a good option for moving products with little friction.
Linear rails can be used vertically or horizontally. They are also a good choice for weight guidance when centered below the rail. They can join multiple rails for very long travel lengths, and can be joined to perform a seventh axis.
These rails can handle travel speeds of up to 5 m/s. They are commonly used in industrial applications, and can handle loads from a few grams to thousands. They are also useful for pneumatic and belt-driven systems, and are often used as actuator guide mechanisms.
There are many different types of linear rails. They range in size and length, and have a variety of processing methods. You can also find simple surface bearings, which are characterized by a low coefficient of friction.
For applications requiring precise positioning and precise travel accuracy, linear rail systems are the way to go. They provide the highest level of rigidity and are capable of achieving travel speeds of up to 5 m/s.

They provide large travel spaces

Various applications may call for the use of a linear rail. These can be square, rectangular or round in shape and can handle loads from a few grams to thousands of kilograms. They also have a long lifespan.
In a nutshell, a linear rail provides low friction guidance for a load. They are used in the industrial sector in a number of applications. Aside from the obvious one’s, a single linear rail can save valuable floor space. It also ostensibly has the trifecta of a runner, power screw and ball bearings.
Linear rails are not for the faint of heart. Aside from the obvious cost, you will also be expected to mount, support and install them properly. You should also consider the size, shape and quality of the components. They can be bought in any length, from a few inches to several feet. They are also made from a wide variety of materials. Some of the materials used include steel, aluminum, and polymers. They can be shaped and joined to achieve very long travel lengths. They are also susceptible to damage.
The name of the game is to choose a good set of quality linear guides. There are two types in common usage today. The first is a runner with ball bearings, and the second is a runner with rollers. The latter is the less expensive choice. Aside from the usual suspects, you can also choose a saddle or fixed slide. It’s a good idea to use them in pairs. They are also the best suited for heavy duty applications.
The most important factor to consider when selecting a linear rail is the load capacity. While a single linear rail can be used in many applications, multiple rails are the best option for the job.

They withstand both tearing loads and torque forces

Generally constructed from corrosion resistant steel, linear rails are sturdy and robust enough to handle a wide variety of applications. They are usually used on mechanical systems with high precision requirements. They also provide a smooth and accurate motion.
In order to achieve the highest level of efficiency, the rail must be accurately supported and installed. It may also require some form of lubrication. The design of the rail may be influenced by factors like size, shape, and frequency of use.
For instance, linear rails are often used for actuator guides. These guide mechanisms provide a smooth, reliable, and low-friction motion. A runner is inserted inside the rail and moves from front to back. The runner may have ball bearings or a pair of sleeve bearings.
Another notable feature of the linear rail is the ability to withstand torque and tearing forces. They are also capable of handling larger loads, providing greater stability to the entire system. The most important feature is the fact that they are easy to install and remove. They are also capable of achieving high speeds.
There are many types of linear rails to choose from. Some may be suitable for consumer applications, while others are more suited for industrial applications. Some of the common factors that affect the lifespan of a rail include size, frequency of use, and mounting. A single rail is a space saver, while dual rails maximize bearing life.
Some of the major components in a linear slide include the runner, the bearings, and the carriage. In addition to the runner, the slide may also feature the motor, power screw, or other components. Some of these features are the smallest relative to the overall linear slide.
linear rail

They’re cheaper than rods

Choosing the best linear rails for your fishing rod is no small feat. You must understand the characteristics of various rails before you can find the one that best fits your needs. You may also want to consider choosing a rail that will last for many years. This is especially true if you are fishing in saltwater.
The best linear rails are designed with a variety of factors in mind. They will help you achieve precision and longevity. In addition, these guides are made of materials that are durable. They are also affordable. There are a variety of choices, including round and square rails.
The best rods have a good selection of features, including a good reel seat and flexible nickel/titanium snake guides. You should also look for a rod that has a smooth but firm handle and a rod that is easy to use. The best rods will also be a bit pricier, but you will not regret your investment.
The best rods use quality cork and stacks of smaller cork rings. The best rods have a cork handle that has a good feel. This handle has a big flare at the bottom and has narrow cork rings on the top. This handle is the best fly rod handle that you will find.
The best rods also have a well made reel seat that will hold firmly and easily. It should also have thin nylon spacers between the rings for a positive lock up. The reel seat should also be made from an anodized black aluminum up-lock seat with a synthetic gray insert.
The best rods also have reputable guide sets. This includes a new CERECOIL stripping guide made of nickel Titanium. This guide uses a multi-taper design that removes material from the weakest areas, thus improving dampening and recovery.

They’re corrosion-resistant

Stainless steel linear rails are essential in many industries, including vacuum applications, the pharmaceutical industry, and electronic circuit machines. They are also necessary for washing down cycles.
Stainless steel rails have excellent corrosion resistance. The steel surface is coated with an inert layer that prevents the rusting of the steel. Steel surfaces can rust over time, though, and rust can contaminate equipment. It’s important to check with your manufacturer about any corrosion resistance treatments that may be available.
Carbon steel linear bearings can be treated with hard chrome, black chrome, or a corrosion-resistant coating. These bearings are more expensive than those made of austenitic steel, but they provide similar corrosion resistance. They also have a lower hardness.
Silicon Nitride balls are another option. These balls are 40% lighter than steel, so they can carry higher loads without causing electrolysis. They’re also inert to chemicals and are capable of higher speeds. They’re available in closed or open designs. They come in four different sizes. They’re also coated with CZPT coating, which reduces the surface area of the balls in contact with the steel.
Another option is electroless nickel plating, which is inexpensive. This type of plating uses nickel instead of copper to prevent corrosion. It also offers a low friction coefficient.
Another option is drylin(r) linear technology, which combines the corrosion-resistance of thermoplastic bearing liners with shafting. This technology is ideal for chemical washdown environments, as well as those in saltwater environments. These systems also provide excellent rigidity and high load-bearing capacities.
Other types of linear guides are also available. Plain bearing guides may be appropriate for less expensive applications, while round shaft systems may be better for more expensive applications.
China 9mm Linear Guide Rail And Ball Screw For CNC Machine ST9C ST9L MGN9C MGN9H linear rail accuracy class
editor by czh 2023-03-17

China 80 wide double optical axis ball screw cross module linear guide rail sliding table hand-operated precision moving table locking with Good quality

Error:获取返回内容失败，
Your session has expired. Please reauthenticate.

Choosing a Linear Rail

Cost of linear rails

Stiffness

Accuracy

Stability

Sliding carriage and rail

Applications

Whether you’re building an industrial automation system or simply need to move a load, the right linear guide can be a valuable tool. The benefits include high load capacity, reduced friction, high rigidity and increased accuracy.
The applications of linear rails can range from simple machine-tool applications to advanced medical applications. The most common applications include transportation and industrial machinery. However, the applications can also be found in the consumer space. Consumer health monitoring devices are a great example of applications that take advantage of linear motion.
Linear rails are a linear assembly consisting of load-supporting balls on each side and a pair of parallel tracks. Depending on the size and type of application, the load capacity can range from a few grams to several tons.
Linear rails are typically made from high-strength steel, which is profiled or galvanised. The rail is then cut to a specified length. Depending on the size, the cost of a linear guide rail will vary.
The linear rail’s name is a mouthful, but there are several models to choose from. Profiled rail guides are most suitable for high load applications.
The CZPT is a great choice for heavy-duty applications. It’s easily weldable, and can be ground smooth for easy transitions. The rail can be extended to long travel lengths.
The linear rail’s most notable attribute is its ability to withstand overhung loads. The rail can also handle moment and horizontal loads.
China 80 wide double optical axis ball screw cross module linear guide rail sliding table hand-operated precision moving table locking with Good quality
editor by czh 2023-03-17

China 300mm stroke customized low price Ball Screw Linear Motion Actuator Guide Rail Ways For Engraving with 23 nema step motor linear rail direct drive

Issue: New
Guarantee: 1.5 a long time
Applicable Industries: Machinery Mend Stores
Design Number: DBX1204J-100
Content: Aluminum+stainless steel
Xihu (West Lake) Dis. Width: 42MM
Xihu (West Lake) Dis. Duration:: 50MM-1000MM
Product Material: Aluminum+stainless steel
Motor kind: Nema 23 stepper motor
Ball Screw Diameter: 12/16mm
Ball screw direct: 4mm/5mm/10mm
Horizontal load: 5-20kg
Vertical load: ~8kg
With no load pace: -150mm/s
Positional precision: 300mm/.03mm
Packaging Specifics: polyfoam, cardboard carton

300mm stroke customized minimal price tag Ball Screw Linear Movement Actuator Xihu (West Lake) Dis. Rail Ways For Engraving with 23 nema stage motor
SpecificationsDBX1204J-100 linear information is semi-sealer structure, physique width 42mm, higher security,compact composition, NMRV090 Collection wpa worm equipment reducer digital variator hollow shaft motor pace variator bevel helical gearbox flexibility feature, suited for standard working environment, it is practical to use solitary axis or multi-axis to assemble simple functional usage robotic arms for varieties of industries.
Software Location:
Exact positioning, dispensing, spray painting, 7030 ACDP4A CZPT Super Precision CZPT CZPT CZPT Angular Speak to Ball Bearings CZPT Angular Speak to Ball Bearings visual inspection, relocating, grabbing, slicing and welding, automatic assembly, nema17 guide screw stepper motor linear slide stepper motor automatic locking screws, palletizing, and so on. These kinds of as: PCB board detection, optical disc stacking device, areas select and place.

Product	DBX Ball screw	Screw speed	-150mm/s
Profile width	42mm	The vertical load (kg)	8KG
Specifications of ball screw	1204, Large Quality CV AXLE JOINT OUTER CV JOINT FOR Audi OEM 4E0498099A Dimensions 27X59.5X38 1605,1610	Horizontal load (kg)	20KG
PositionaI accuracy	.03mm	Powerful travel range	-1000mm

Get a price cut

Associated Goods

stage motor

motor driver

Related items You could like Our Services
Business Information
Our Certificate

How to Get the Longest Life Out of Your Linear Rails

Whether you’re looking for the strength of steel or the convenience of aluminum, linear rails can provide you with the right choice. They can withstand both downward and lift-off loads, and they can be anchored along their full length to aluminum extrusion profiles.

Maintenance of linear rails

Depending on the environment you are using your linear rails in, it will vary as to the amount of maintenance that is required. However, there are some key steps you can take to make sure you get the longest life out of your rails.
The first step is to ensure you are installing your rails on a solid, level foundation. If your rails are not level, you may get indentations on your rails, which can result in a number of problems.
The second step is to ensure you are using the correct lubricant. The right lubricant can make all the difference in your rails life. The best lubricants are those that are designed to withstand the environment you will be using them in. Ideally, you should use light oil on ball bearing raceways.
The best way to ensure you are doing it right is to have a set of dial indicators to help you make sure that your rails are level. Also, make sure that you are not relying on the guide rail to keep your rails level. You can also take the time to use a lint free cloth to wipe down your rails.
The most important part of any linear guide is its lubrication system. Most are equipped with a lubrication mechanism that makes maintenance simple. If yours is not, then you might want to consider a grease and lubrication kit from CZPT Automation.

Low coefficient of friction

Whether you’re looking for a simple linear rail or a sophisticated rail that supports the entire machine, there are a variety of choices. Each one has its own set of advantages and disadvantages. There are also various levels of accuracy, running speed, and load bearing capacity.
For example, you may need a corrosion-resistant steel type for metalworking applications. But, the same type can have a high coefficient of friction.
To reduce friction, you can choose a chain with a low-friction top chain. These chains can achieve low coefficients of friction without lubrication.
Another option is to use a plastic roller chain. This option is ideal for applications that need minimal slippage between the surfaces. These chains are engineered to have low coefficients of friction. This is made possible through a combination of compression molding and epoxy resin polymer matrix.
The manufacturer’s catalog lists the coefficient of friction of different types of top chain. This is a good way to see the difference between a ball guide and a roller guide.
The coefficient of friction of a rolling steel ball is a good indication of its working capability. This is one of the reasons why they are used in moving parts. This is also one of the reasons why PMI’s MSA Series is engineered with a low friction coefficient.
Having a low coefficient of friction can save you money and energy. This also increases the life of the chain, motor, and other linear motion components.
linear rail

Stiffness

Whether it is for machine tools or consumer applications, the stiffness of linear rails is an important factor. If a linear rail is not properly aligned, it can have a high degree of deflection. This can result in damage to the rail. The life of a linear rail also depends on a variety of factors.
If the rail is not properly aligned, the load applied to the rail will follow the surface on which it is screwed. This may lead to problems with alignment.
If the rail has a large diameter, it may be easier to align than a smaller one. It can also help to run two rails in parallel. This will minimize deflection.
The stiffness of a linear rail is also determined by its load capacity. The load capacity of a rail can range from a few grams to thousands of kilograms. The higher the load capacity, the better the rail’s stiffness.
Linear rails are typically used in high precision systems. They can withstand moment loads and overhung loads. The life of a linear rail also depends on the load capacity and frequency of use.
The stiffness of a rail can also be determined by its initial contact angle. Generally, a linear rail has a higher stiffness than a linear rod.
The stiffness of a linear rail can be measured both experimentally and with an FEA. An FEA can also be used to determine the static and dynamic behavior of a linear guideway. The results can be used to determine the stiffness of different structures.

Can be anchored along their full length to aluminum extrusion profiles

Luckily for us, CZPT offers a plethora of stuff to choose from. From the ubiquitous t-slot aluminum extrusion to the tiniest trumps, CZPT has you covered. Not only does it have a wide selection of fasteners and aluminum extrusions in stock and ready to ship, CZPT also offers a number of services and solutions to help you get the job done right. Whether you’re in the market for a new warehouse or need help designing and delivering a customized product, CZPT can help. We have a staff of skilled craftspeople who will work with you from start to finish to ensure your aluminum extrusion project is done right. No job is too big or too small for us. Our customers include manufacturers of industrial and commercial grade products, as well as small businesses and individuals looking to make a splash. From commercial kitchen equipment to industrial cabinets, we can help you turn your ideas into reality. For more information. Alternatively, visit us online to learn more about our extensive line of products and solutions. Our knowledgeable team is happy to answer any and all questions about your aluminum extrusion project, and can even help with CAD design services. Regardless of your needs, CZPT can help. A large part of our success is our ability to be a single source provider of a wide range of extrusion solutions.
linear rail

Applications

Whether you need to move a small item through a manufacturing process, or a heavy load, linear rails will provide a smooth, stable motion. There are many applications for linear rails, including packaging, factory automation, medical sample handling, and more.
The basic structure of linear rails is an assembly that contains balls and rollers to support the loads moving on the rail. The balls provide high load capacity, while the rollers provide a low friction guide.
Linear rails are typically used in the industrial industry. They offer a large range of motion, and they can be used in a vertical or horizontal setting. They also come in a variety of sizes. They are mainly used in applications that require high performance, high precision, and low friction guidance.
Linear rails can be round or square. They are made from high-strength steel, usually galvanised. The length of a rail can range from a few centimetres to several metres. Linear rails have a low-friction guide system, which helps to ensure a smooth and reliable motion. The load capacity of a rail can range from several grams to thousands of kilograms.
The advantages of linear rails include low friction, high load capacity, and high rigidity. These qualities make them an ideal solution for many industrial applications. They are also known as linear assemblies, linear guides, and guide systems.
There are many different names for linear rail systems, including ball bearing linear guides, linear rails, and linear rail systems. These systems are typically used in applications that require low-friction guidance, but they are also useful in pneumatic driven systems. They are easily installed, and they have high load bearing capacity.
China 300mm stroke customized low price Ball Screw Linear Motion Actuator Guide Rail Ways For Engraving with 23 nema step motor linear rail direct drive
editor by czh 2023-03-17

China 2022 promotion 2 set 15mm linear rails HGR15-L 4 PCS HGH15CA HGW15CC +1 SET sfu16051610 ball screw any lengthfor FOR CNC router with Hot selling

Problem: New
Warranty: Unavailable
Relevant Industries: Garment Retailers, first bearing SET413 HM21204911 washing equipment taper roller bearing Machinery Fix Shops, KBC bearing taper roller bearings F-568031 F-568031.TR1 dimensions 26.8X58X16.5mm Restaurant
Weight (KG): 6
Video clip outgoing-inspection: Not Available
Machinery Check Report: Not Offered
Marketing Kind: New Merchandise 2571
Warranty of core parts: Not Offered
Core Elements: Bearing
Product Quantity: HGH15 HGR15 HB15, PDD FOR 2M.SP Steel C55 /S55C
Load: Weighty load
Kind: Sq./flang Rail Slide/Carriage
Country: China
Slide Fixing Manner: Lock Variety
Assembly Height: higher
Ball Screw Nut: single
ballscrew: SFU1605/1610 C7
Rail sorts:: Mounting from prime / Mounting from bottom

Discount 2pcs HGR15-L mm (selected the size you require)4pcs HGH15CA or HGW15CC1 pcs SFU1605/1610-L mm(1ballscrew+1ballnut+endmachine)1set BK12BF121 pcs DSG16H nut housing1pcs 8mm * 10mm flexible coupling

Please send out us a quotation, Thank you.

Applications and Maintenance of a Linear Rail

Whether you are looking to install a linear rail or you are looking for ways to maintain your existing one, there are some important factors to consider. In this article, you will learn about the applications for linear rails, the maintenance of a linear rail, and some of the common issues associated with linear guides.

Common issues with linear guides

Choosing the right linear guide can yield significant advantages in performance, cost and durability. However, it isn’t enough to just pick the right guide. To ensure maximum performance, you need to understand the components and technologies that go into the design. This article will highlight some of the most common problems associated with linear guides, and how to avoid them.
The most important thing to remember about a linear guide is that it is a component of a system. It should not be operated alone. If a linear guide fails, you’ll need to take steps to get it repaired.
A good way to gauge how well a guide will perform is to look at the load moments it carries while on a wall. This will tell you how much the guide can support over a full run of travel.
One of the most important things to consider is the type of mounting you use. It should match the precision of the guide unit. The mounting surface should be flat, and there should be no gaps or wiggles between the guide unit and the mounting surface.
The right kind of mounting will not only make installation easier, but will also ensure that your guide unit operates at its best. In addition, it can help prevent contamination from getting into the guide unit.
Another thing to consider is the quality of the lubricant. Linear guides are prone to corrosion, so it’s important to lubricate them regularly. You can do this by adding a high-quality lubricant that’s resistant to corrosive substances.
Using a linear guide with a good seal can help avoid corrosion. A good seal should have sealing lip that fits tightly around the ball guide profile. In addition, you should consider a thicker lubricant, such as calcium soap, as opposed to standard greases in wet environments.
Another thing to consider is how you can best align the guide unit. For example, you can use a high-speed end cap to reduce misalignment. This will reduce binding, as well as prevent a buildup of dirt and other debris between the guide unit and the mounting surface.

Common applications for linear rails

Across industrial applications, there are many uses for linear rails. Linear rails provide an extremely effective way of moving products and items through production processes. They offer excellent load capacity, low friction and high stiffness.
Linear rails can be manufactured in short or long lengths. These systems are ideal for moving loads from a few grams to thousands of kilograms. Depending on the specific application, the load capacity of the rail may vary.
Linear rails are commonly used in machine-tool applications and semiconductor manufacturing. Linear rails are also used for moving heavy equipment through factory floors. Linear rails are also used in advanced medical applications.
Linear rails can be used on a variety of surfaces. Depending on the type of application, the orientation of the rail may vary. This depends on the type of load and the amount of force being applied. It may also be influenced by the amount of dirt and dust.
Linear rails are designed to support loads from a few grams to thousands of kilograms. They are used in a variety of industries, including semiconductor manufacturing, packaging and medical devices. In many applications, linear rails are also used as the guide for actuators. Linear rails are a useful alternative to complex alignment operations.
Linear rails are often used in overhead transport systems. Linear rails are usually made of high strength steel and are profiled for maximum rigidity. They also have nickel-plating for corrosive environments.
Linear rails are often used in factory floors for heavy equipment, like moving robot arms. These systems can be used to move items around the factory floor or on high platforms above walkways. Linear rails are also used in the food and beverage industry. They are commonly used in weighing machines and CNC machines.
Linear rails are ideal for moving products with minimal friction. They also are used in semiconductor manufacturing, where the need for precision is crucial. Linear rails provide high load capacity and can accommodate travel speeds of up to five meters per second. Linear rails are also used in many transportation lines, including ice machines.

Cost of linear rails

Choosing the right linear rail can have a significant impact on the cost and performance of your system. Linear rails are used in all kinds of industries. They are highly effective when it comes to moving goods and equipment through the manufacturing process. They can be used vertically or horizontally. They are anchored to aluminum extrusion profiles for increased stiffness and accuracy.
The cost of linear rails can be justified by the advantages they offer. They provide high levels of rigidity and load capacity, making them a good option for moving products with minimal friction. Linear rails are also less likely to bend or vibrate. They also have a higher degree of precision and accuracy.
The price of linear rails is higher than those of linear rods. This is due to the fact that linear rails require more screws per unit length. They also require more support. If the rails are not supported, they will bend or rattle. The rails must be fully supported to achieve optimal precision.
Linear rails offer the most rigidity against gravity. They can support loads ranging from a few grams to several tons. They can also withstand moment and lift-off loads.
Rails can be installed using hex slot screws. They require more screws per unit length than rods. They also require accurate mounting surfaces. They can be installed by hand or with tools.
Linear rails are less likely to bend than rods, making them a better option for low precision applications. They are also cheaper.
However, they are not suitable for consumer applications. Rails are not as durable as rods and they are susceptible to bending and vibration. They are also subject to shipping oil and corrosion during transport and storage.
Linear rails cost around 2.5 to 4 times as much as linear rods. This is because they are more expensive to manufacture. They also require a more complex assembly process. They require hex slot screws along the length of the rail. It can be difficult to install.
The lifespan of linear rails is a frequently asked question among design engineers. It’s important to consider the factors that will reduce the lifespan.

Maintenance of linear rails

Whether you’re working with a linear rail system in an industrial environment or a consumer application, proper maintenance is critical. A well-maintained linear guide rail can withstand loads from a few grams to thousands of kilograms, providing a high degree of rigidity and load capacity.
The most important aspect of maintenance for a linear guide rail is lubrication. Proper lubrication reduces friction and wear, resulting in longer life for your guide rail. The amount of lubrication required depends on the environment in which it is being used and the frequency of use. Generally, a general purpose lubricant is adequate for low speed low load applications. However, when long lubrication cycles are required, a specialised bearing lubricant is necessary.
The components of a linear guide rail are comprised of rail, carriage, linear guide block and load supporting rollers. The rails and guide blocks are made of hardened steel or anodized aluminum. The carriage has two “wings” that align with the rail channel. The rollers are made of softer materials such as stainless steel. A lint-free paper towel can be used to clean the groove in the rail.
If a linear guide rail is used incorrectly, it can corrode. In order to maintain the integrity of the rail, it is important to clean it thoroughly. The lubrication mechanism is often accessed via a syringe, so cleaning the rail is relatively easy. Clean the rail with a shop towel, and then apply grease to the moving parts. This will smooth the motion of the ball screw guides and prolong the life of the linear slides.
If the linear guide is used incorrectly, it can cause excessive misalignment, indentations, and corrosion. It is recommended that the rail be cleaned and lubricated as needed.
The type of linear rail you choose will depend on the type of load it can handle. Aside from the load capacity, it is also important to consider the cost of maintenance. Typically, a linear rail system is more expensive than other systems, so you’ll want to make sure you get the right rail for the job.
China 2022 promotion 2 set 15mm linear rails HGR15-L 4 PCS HGH15CA HGW15CC +1 SET sfu16051610 ball screw any lengthfor FOR CNC router with Hot selling
editor by czh 2023-03-17

China 1010 Upgrade Kit with Linear Rail for Screw Driven WorkBee to QueenBee PRO CNC circular linear rail

Situation: New
Assortment of Spindle Speed(r.p.m): 8000 – 24000 rpm
Positioning Accuracy (mm): .05 mm
Number of Axes: four
No. of Spindles: Solitary
Working Table Dimension(mm): 840x755mm
Device Sort: CNC Router
Journey (X Axis)(mm): 840 mm
Journey (Y Axis)(mm): 755 mm
Repeatability (X/Y/Z) (mm): .05 mm
Spindle Motor Electricity(kW): 1.5KW/2.2KW
CNC or Not: CNC
Voltage: 110V~220V
Dimension(L*W*H): 750x750mm
Electrical power (kW): 2.2
Bodyweight (KG): 27
Handle Program Brand name: Mach3
Warranty: Unavailable
Key Promoting Factors: Higher-accuracy
Applicable Industries: Accommodations, Garment Shops, Creating Materials Retailers, Equipment Mend Stores, Production Plant, Meals & Beverage Manufacturing unit, Farms, Cafe, Home Use, Retail, Foods Shop, Printing Stores, Foods & Beverage Retailers, Advertising and marketing Company
Machinery Take a look at Report: Not Obtainable
Movie outgoing-inspection: Not Accessible
Warranty of core factors: Not Available
Core Components: Bearing, Motor, Motor
Solution identify: 1571 Upgrade Kit
Frame Materials: 6063-T5 Aluminum Alloy
Driving Mode: Stepper Drive
Frame: 6063-T5 CNC Machined Aluminium Plates with V-Slot Extrusions
Motors: NEMA23 Stepper Motors X,Y & Z.
Movement: X/Y – GT3 Belts (3mm Pitch) Z – 8mm Tr8*8 4 Begin Direct Screw
Device Frame Measurement: 1000x1000mm
Doing work Location Measurement: 840x755mm
Packaging Information: Bundling MAC-E-book 5 Stars * Any other issue welcome to speak to [email protected] We are always here with you! Our operating time is 9:00AM – 6:00PM from Monday – Friday .

Choosing the Right Type of Linear Rail for Your 3D Printer

Square rail

CZPT(r) T

liding contact guides

Drawbacks of “traditional” linear rail in a 3D printer build

Using linear rails in a 3D printer build can increase print quality, but there are also drawbacks. There are some advantages to using linear rails, but you’ll also need to consider the cost and complexity of using them.
A traditional linear rail is a rectangular piece of steel with two dovetails along each side. It’s used to mount the carriage to the printer, and it is designed to provide smoother motion than a linear rod. Despite this, a rail can also be curved, which can create problems when printing.
Another disadvantage is that a single linear rail is more expensive than two linear rods, and it requires a physical frame for mounting. However, it can save you the cost of buying two rods and can also create a unique aesthetic for your 3D printer. Another advantage is that you can anchor the rail for greater rigidity and load-bearing capacity. You’ll also need to make sure that your rails are properly lubricated for a long life. If they aren’t, you’ll likely experience problems with print quality.
The drawbacks of using a linear rail in a 3D printer build aren’t that serious, but they’re still something to consider. If you have the budget, you may want to invest in a more capable printer, rather than in a linear rail. Also, remember that the stiffer your rails are, the less backlash you’ll experience. You’ll also avoid ringing artifacts, which will make your prints look less smooth. Regardless of the type of rail you use, it’s important to make sure that you mount it correctly.
China 1010 Upgrade Kit with Linear Rail for Screw Driven WorkBee to QueenBee PRO CNC circular linear rail
editor by czh 2023-03-05

China 100mm multifunctional stable screw drive linear actuator for industrial use assembly cnc linear rail kit

Situation: New
Guarantee: 6 Months
Relevant Industries: Producing Plant, Equipment Restore Shops, 389382A Long Existence Low Noise Tapered Roller Bearing HM813840HM813810 389382A Meals & Beverage Manufacturing facility, Health-related Equipment
Video outgoing-inspection: Offered
Machinery Take a look at Report: Not Offered
Advertising Kind: New Item 2571
Guarantee of core parts: 1 Yr
Core Components: Bearing, HA-F Series Original estun servo motor servo motor handle HA-FH63 Motor, Ball screw
Product Quantity: YSC-YTS-008
Product identify: Regular Linear Motion Robotic
Duration: 50-1200 mm
Motor kind: servo/ stepper motor
Efficiency: Substantial Precision
Software: Automation Products
MOQ: 1Pc
After Warranty Services: On the web help
Local Service Location: None
Showroom Area: None
Packaging Details: OUTER PACKING: CARTON+PLASTIC TAPEINNER PACKING: FOAM+Water-resistant Movie
Port: HONG KONG / SHEN ZHEN

Expensive Clients:

Kindly instruct us your demands, Lengthy Utilizing Daily life 20mm diameter Spherical Flange Linear Bearing LMF20UU LMEF20UU LMF20LUU and we would assist you in the product selection.

Some parameters you can provide: 1.Linear Program stroke 2.Linear Program width 3.Linear Program load 4.Working pace 5.Situation repeatability

Free of charge solution guide and 3D product can be presented.

Business Info
Packaging & Shipping and delivery

Using a “Traditional” Linear Rail in a 3D Printer Build

linear rail

Applications

CZPT linear guide rails

Sliding carriage and rail

Robot transport units

Drawbacks of using “traditional” linear rail in a 3D printer build

Using a traditional linear rail in a 3D printer build isn’t for the faint of heart. If you’re building a printer for your own personal use, it’s likely you’ll have to do a bit of tinkering to get the machine working as it should. Luckily, there are many alternatives to the conventional build process. For example, you can build a machine with an aluminum extrusion instead of using the traditional molten plastic. This allows you to print a wider range of materials and improves the machine’s longevity. Alternatively, you could use an aluminum extrusion with a delrin wheel for improved print quality.
You could also build a 3D printer from scratch with a custom frame made from aluminum. The material is a good choice if you’re looking to print large format items. The material is also lightweight, which translates into improved print quality and a smoother print experience. Using an aluminum extrusion for the frame of a 3D printer could save you some serious cash, if you know what you’re doing.
It’s a good idea to do your homework before making a purchase. The best way to avoid getting ripped off is to find a reputable manufacturer and check the credentials of the company’s products. This is especially true if you’re looking to buy a machine that can be used to build 3D models of your own designs. As with anything, buying the wrong printer for the wrong application can lead to disaster. Thankfully, you can avoid some of the pitfalls with a little research and a few recommendations. If you’re looking to build the machine of your dreams, take the time to learn what you’re doing first.
China 100mm multifunctional stable screw drive linear actuator for industrial use assembly cnc linear rail kit
editor by czh 2023-03-04